What is a comparison between different things that are similar in some way called?

The term that describes a comparison between different things that are similar in some way is an analogy. Analogies are used to illustrate or explain concepts by highlighting relationships and similarities between two distinct subjects. This technique is particularly useful in literature, rhetoric, and everyday communication, as it can clarify complex ideas by relating them to more familiar ones. For example, comparing the function of a heart in a biological system to a pump in a mechanical system helps in understanding both in relatable terms.

The other terms provided refer to different concepts. An anecdote is a brief, often personal story used to illustrate a point or engage an audience. Alterity denotes the concept of otherness, particularly in philosophical discussions about the nature of self and others. Aphorisms are concise statements or principles that express general truths or observations. Each of these terms occupies a unique space in literary discussion, making them distinct from the concept of analogy.